Vision, Privilege, and the Limits of Tolerance by Cris Cullinan
Three presumptions about the dominant culture--innocence, worthiness, and competence--perpetuate privileges for this cultural group, which often go unnoticed by members of the culture. Presumption of innocence: I know that I have dominant culture privilege because I get the presumption of innocence. When something goes wrong around me, people do not look to me first, or even second, as a probable cause of the problem.
Presumption of worthiness: A second presumption often enjoyed by those who are members of the privileged in the dominant culture is that of worthiness. By the "presumption of worthiness," I mean the presumption that I am worthy, deserving and good enough to receive attention, services, respect, and the benefit of the doubt. This presumption can operate in many different contexts. As a while, upper middle class, heterosexual who does not have a visible disability, I will be taken at face value as a good candidate for a bank loan, a desired applicant for a job, a sought-after buyer of a house, and a customer who should be served as soon as possible. This presumption is strengthened if I am with my partner, who is a similarly privileged white man.
Presumption of competence: The last presumption given to members of the dominant culture is the presumption of competence. In all of the jobs I have ever had, I was always treated as if I was competent, and then given the autonomy, encouragement, and feedback to prove it. In nearly all of the experiences I ever had or continue to have as a student, I walk in and I am given the presumption of competence.
TYPES OF PRIVILEGE
Male Privilege
Men have the privilege of being able to move about with less thought, worry, and constraint. (For men facing other forms of oppression-racism, classism, heterosexism, or ableism-the privilege of safety may be significantly limited.)
Heterosexual Privilege
Heterosexuals can freely display public affection, talk openly about their partner, have their relationship publicly acknowledged and celebrated, and be protected from discrimination. They don't need to worry whether it's all right to bring their partner to events (and then whether they can dance together); whether they'll lose their job if they're out; whether they'll be accepted by their neighbors, or whether their partner will be considered as family under hospital guidelines and thus be able to visit or make medical decisions.
Able-Bodied Privilege
Able-bodied people do not have to think about access to buildings-for education, cultural events, employment, or socializing; about travel-around one's own town, vacation areas, or conference sites; or about needing assistance to do basic daily tasks. They do not fear that people will assume them to be less intelligent or less productive solely because of a (possibly irrelevant) disability.
Class Privilege
People with class privilege have access to the best medical care; to leisure and vacations; to good housing, food, and clothing; and to governmental financial advantages (e.g., tax breaks, write-offs for mortgages). They feel entitled to be treated respectively, to be taken seriously, and to have opportunities to use their talents. They can choose work that may be meaningful, though not well compensated, knowing they have a safety net-other marketable skills, opportunities for education, or financial resources. They can use connections to get jobs or to be admitted to college.
Class Privilege
Class, however, does not (appear to be based on characteristics present at birth). In fact, class seems to feel exactly the opposite--as a status that one was not born with but that one has earned. Class is less visible than the other dimensions because while our objective position in an economic order depends on empirically measurable criteria (income, occupation, education), class as an everyday experience rests on other people's evaluation of our presentation of self. Class can be concealed and class feels like something we have earned all by ourselves. Therefore class privilege may be the one set of privileges we are least interested in examining because they feel like they are ours by right, not by birth.