Hodj Proved Salty: A Tranny's Victory Thread

Feminism
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"Feminists" redirects here. For other uses, see Feminists (disambiguation).
Feminist protesters at the International Women's Strike in Paraná, Argentina (March, 2019).
Feminism is a range of social movements, political movements, and ideologies that share a common goal: to define, establish, and achieve the political, economic, personal, and social equality of the sexes.[a][2][3][4][5] Feminism incorporates the position that societies prioritize the male point of view, and that women are treated unfairly within those societies.[6] Efforts to change that include fighting gender stereotypes and seeking to establish educational and professional opportunities for women that are equal to those for men.
Feminist movements have campaigned and continue to campaign for women's rights, including the right to vote, to hold public office, to work, to earn fair wages, equal pay and eliminate the gender pay gap, to own property, to receive education, to enter contracts, to have equal rights within marriage, and to have maternity leave. Feminists have also worked to ensure access to legal abortions and social integration and to protect women and girls from rape, sexual harassment, and domestic violence.[7] Changes in dress and acceptable physical activity have often been part of feminist movements.[8]
Some scholars consider feminist campaigns to be a main force behind major historical societal changes for women's rights, particularly in the West, where they are near-universally credited with achieving women's suffrage, gender-neutral language, reproductive rights for women (including access to contraceptives and abortion), and the right to enter into contracts and own property.[9] Although feminist advocacy is, and has been, mainly focused on women's rights, some feminists, including bell hooks, argue for the inclusion of men's liberation within its aims, because they believe that men are also harmed by traditional gender roles.[10] Feminist theory, which emerged from feminist movements, aims to understand the nature of gender inequality by examining women's social roles and lived experience; it has developed theories in a variety of disciplines in order to respond to issues concerning gender.[11][12]
Numerous feminist movements and ideologies have developed over the years and represent different viewpoints and aims. Some forms of feminism have been criticized for taking into account only white, middle class, and college-educated perspectives. This criticism led to the creation of ethnically specific or multicultural forms of feminism, including black feminism and intersectional feminism.[13]
Contents

• 1History
  • 1.1Terminology
  • 1.2Waves
  • 1.319th and early-20th centuries
  • 1.4Mid-20th century
  • 1.5Late 20th and early-21st centuries
    • 1.5.1Third-wave feminism
    • 1.5.2Standpoint theory
    • 1.5.3Fourth-wave feminism
    • 1.5.4Postfeminism
• 2Theory
• 3Movements and ideologies
  • 3.1Political movements
  • 3.2Materialist ideologies
  • 3.3Black and postcolonial ideologies
  • 3.4Social constructionist ideologies
  • 3.5Transgender people
  • 3.6Cultural movements
• 4Demographics
  • 4.1United States of America
  • 4.2United Kingdom
• 5Sexuality
  • 5.1Sex industry
  • 5.2Affirming female sexual autonomy
• 6Science
  • 6.1Biology and gender
  • 6.2Feminist psychology
• 7Culture
  • 7.1Architecture
  • 7.2Businesses
  • 7.3Visual arts
  • 7.4Literature
  • 7.5Music
  • 7.6Cinema
• 8Politics
  • 8.1Socialism
  • 8.2Fascism
  • 8.3Civil rights movement and anti-racism
  • 8.4Neoliberalism
• 9Societal impact
  • 9.1Civil rights
  • 9.2Jurisprudence
  • 9.3Language
  • 9.4Theology
  • 9.5Patriarchy
  • 9.6Men and masculinity
• 10Reactions
  • 10.1Pro-feminism
  • 10.2Anti-feminism and criticism of feminism
  • 10.3Secular humanism
• 11See also
• 12Notes
• 13References
• 14Further reading
• 15External links
  • 15.1Articles
  • 15.2Active research
  • 15.3Multimedia and documents

History
Terminology
Main article: History of feminism
See also: Protofeminism

Feminist suffrage parade, New York City, 6 May 1912

Charlotte Perkins Gilman wrote about feminism for the Atlanta Constitution, 10 December 1916.

After selling her home, Emmeline Pankhurst, pictured in New York City in 1913, traveled constantly, giving speeches throughout Britain and the United States.

In the Netherlands, Wilhelmina Drucker (1847–1925) fought successfully for the vote and equal rights for women, through organizations she founded.

Simone Veil (1927–2017), former French Minister of Health (1974–79) made access to contraceptive pills easier and legalized abortion (1974–75) – her greatest and hardest achievement.

Louise Weiss along with other Parisian suffragettes in 1935. The newspaper headline reads "The Frenchwoman Must Vote."
Charles Fourier, a utopian socialist and French philosopher, is credited with having coined the word "féminisme" in 1837.[14] The words "féminisme" ("feminism") and "féministe" ("feminist") first appeared in France and the Netherlands in 1872,[15] Great Britain in the 1890s, and the United States in 1910.[16][17] The Oxford English Dictionary lists 1852 as the year of the first appearance of "feminist"[18] and 1895 for "feminism".[19] Depending on the historical moment, culture and country, feminists around the world have had different causes and goals. Most western feminist historians contend that all movements working to obtain women's rights should be considered feminist movements, even when they did not (or do not) apply the term to themselves.[20][21][22][23][24][25] Other historians assert that the term should be limited to the modern feminist movement and its descendants. Those historians use the label "protofeminist" to describe earlier movements.[26]
Waves
The history of the modern western feminist movement is divided into four "waves".[27][28][29] The first comprised women's suffrage movements of the 19th and early-20th centuries, promoting women's right to vote. The second wave, the women's liberation movement, began in the 1960s and campaigned for legal and social equality for women. In or around 1992, a third wave was identified, characterized by a focus on individuality and diversity.[30] The fourth wave, from around 2012, used social media to combat sexual harassment, violence against women and rape culture; it is best known for the Me Too movement.[31]
19th and early-20th centuries
Main article: First-wave feminism
First-wave feminism was a period of activity during the 19th and early-20th centuries. In the UK and US, it focused on the promotion of equal contract, marriage, parenting, and property rights for women. New legislation included the Custody of Infants Act 1839 in the UK, which introduced the tender years doctrine for child custody and gave women the right of custody of their children for the first time.[32][33][34] Other legislation, such as the Married Women's Property Act 1870 in the UK and extended in the 1882 Act,[35] became models for similar legislation in other British territories. Victoria passed legislation in 1884 and New South Wales in 1889; the remaining Australian colonies passed similar legislation between 1890 and 1897. With the turn of the 19th century, activism focused primarily on gaining political power, particularly the right of women's suffrage, though some feminists were active in campaigning for women's sexual, reproductive, and economic rights too.[36]
Women's suffrage (the right to vote and stand for parliamentary office) began in Britain's Australasian colonies at the close of the 19th century, with the self-governing colonies of New Zealand granting women the right to vote in 1893; South Australia followed suit in 1895. This was followed by Australia granting female suffrage in 1902.[37][38]
In Britain the suffragettes and suffragists campaigned for the women's vote, and in 1918 the Representation of the People Act was passed granting the vote to women over the age of 30 who owned property. In 1928 this was extended to all women over 21.[39] Emmeline Pankhurst was the most notable activist in England. Time named her one of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th Century, stating: "she shaped an idea of women for our time; she shook society into a new pattern from which there could be no going back."[40] In the US, notable leaders of this movement included Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Susan B. Anthony, who each campaigned for the abolition of slavery before championing women's right to vote. These women were influenced by the Quaker theology of spiritual equality, which asserts that men and women are equal under God.[41] In the US, first-wave feminism is considered to have ended with the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution (1919), granting women the right to vote in all states. The term first wave was coined retroactively when the term second-wave feminism came into use.[36][42][43][44][45]
During the late Qing period and reform movements such as the Hundred Days' Reform, Chinese feminists called for women's liberation from traditional roles and Neo-Confucian gender segregation.[46][47][48] Later, the Chinese Communist Party created projects aimed at integrating women into the workforce, and claimed that the revolution had successfully achieved women's liberation.[49]
According to Nawar al-Hassan Golley, Arab feminism was closely connected with Arab nationalism. In 1899, Qasim Amin, considered the "father" of Arab feminism, wrote The Liberation of Women, which argued for legal and social reforms for women.[50] He drew links between women's position in Egyptian society and nationalism, leading to the development of Cairo University and the National Movement.[51] In 1923 Hoda Shaarawi founded the Egyptian Feminist Union, became its president and a symbol of the Arab women's rights movement.[51]
The Iranian Constitutional Revolution in 1905 triggered the Iranian women's movement, which aimed to achieve women's equality in education, marriage, careers, and legal rights.[52] However, during the Iranian revolution of 1979, many of the rights that women had gained from the women's movement were systematically abolished, such as the Family Protection Law.[53]
In France, women obtained the right to vote only with the Provisional Government of the French Republic of 21 April 1944. The Consultative Assembly of Algiers of 1944 proposed on 24 March 1944 to grant eligibility to women but following an amendment by Fernand Grenier, they were given full citizenship, including the right to vote. Grenier's proposition was adopted 51 to 16. In May 1947, following the November 1946 elections, the sociologist Robert Verdier minimized the "gender gap", stating in Le Populaire that women had not voted in a consistent way, dividing themselves, as men, according to social classes. During the baby boom period, feminism waned in importance. Wars (both World War I and World War II) had seen the provisional emancipation of some women, but post-war periods signalled the return to conservative roles.[54]