Dune by Frank Herbert
** spoiler alert ** I believe this is the fourth time that I have read Dune. The first two times were when I was a teenager, and I liked it for what I thought it was; a sci-fi adventure story. The third time I read the book I liked it for the byzantine politics that dominate in the first part, and the Gone Native theme in the second part. It was almost as if Game of Thrones met Dances with Wolves.
This time, however, I have read this book while looking through a different lens. After reading through so many books by C.G. Jung, I couldn't help but notice the subtle similarities between the idea that you have a dreamer inside of you, a sort of soul, that needs to be awakened, and the line, "The Sleeper has awakened!" Research followed, and I discovered Frank Herbert was good friends with a pair of Jungian psychologists. On top of that, his study of Jungian ideas heavily influenced Dune. I had to read this book again.
Influences abound in Dune...
Duke Leto is the Old King who is struck down by a personification of Uncontrolled Passions (Baron Harkonnen). Very similar to the Osiris story. Osiris was the God-King of Egypt who, after growing willfully blind to his responsibilities, was killed by Set. After Set took over, Egypt devolved into a wasteland of uncontrolled passions.
His son, Paul (or Horus), descends into the Dry Hell that is Dune in order to find 'the treasure that is hard to attain.' Corresponding with the two main plots of the book, Paul finds two treasures. The first is the sense of Self that exists inside him, which he uses to advance to a level of spirituality hence unseen. The second is the Fremen, which he will use as a weapon against his material enemies.
Standing beside Paul is his witch mother, Jessica, who as soon as her son becomes a psychological adult (only capable once his father has died) becomes a chthonic goddess of great power.
Together with Alia, both Chani and Jessica seem to form the Kore; the triple goddess who is exemplified by the Greek Persephone, Demeter and Hecate. They are the virgin, the mother and the old hag (chthonic goddess).
Within this Dry Hell, which is at once both the Unknown and the Unconscious, great dragons traverse the sands. They are the Ouroboros, which consumes and creates itself repeatedly. This ties in with the spice mélange, the rare substance produced by the worms. The spice mélange is a sort of prima materia which allows Paul to ascend to a higher state of psychology.
One must read Jung to catch much of this. Jung often wrote of a prima materia that allows a person to contact the Self contained within. Once a person had integrated the Self, they would have a greater understanding and control of their psyche, and would lead a more fulfilling life. Such was his objective as a psychologist.
But Jung also wrote of the Anima and the Shadow, two conceptualizations that exist within every human being (just as the Self does). Not surprisingly, both the Anima and the Shadow appear in Dune. I believe that Jessica is, at first, Paul's Anima. She checks his ego and constantly makes him deal with the fact that he is not good enough. But that role seems to shift to Chani, who enters into a relationship with Paul. This is a material representation of Paul's integration of the Anima, his feminine side. In this way he is one step closer to becoming the Syzygy, the Union of Opposites, the Cosmic Hermaphrodite.
The Shadow is Feyd-Rautha. He is of a similar age to Paul, but encapsulates all of the attributes that Paul does not. It is not until the last chapter, when Paul has become aware of and vocalizes the fact that he has Harkonnen blood in his veins, that he slays Feyd-Rautha. Such a violent victory is a metaphor for the integration of the Shadow. Paul accepts the fact that he has Harkonnen (evil, or simply unconscious elements that he does not like) within him. A story is a story though, and we need a climatic battle.
The last example I will write about here is the Christian idea of Death and Rebirth before Ascension. Near the end of the book, after Gurney Halleck tries to assassinate the Lady Jessica, Paul realizes that he does not have the powers he needs in order to defeat the Harkonnens. He decides to drink the prima materia and is sent into a state similar to death. For three weeks he remains in a coma, until the Anima returns to him and pulls him out of it. He is reborn, not as Paul Atreides, but as the sort of Superman that Christians would call Christ and Nietzsche would called the Ubermensch. It is only after dying and coming back from the dead can he Ascend to a new level of humanity, and right the wrongs that have been committed against his father.
At its heart, Dune is a fairy-tale. It is about a prince who suffers the assassination of his father, and in response rides out into the wilderness to conquer dragons and discover treasure. With this treasure he rides back to the kingdom, defeats his enemies, and takes his rightful upon the throne. It is the oldest story that Mankind has ever come up with, just in new clothes, and that is what makes it a great story.