There were two aspects of Cartel vs Gus. The first is the 20 year flashback, where Don Eladio killed Gus's partner (and possible lover) but not Gus, because "we know all about you" combined with hints of Gus being a general during the military dictatorship years of Chile (said in spanish during a phone convo with Salamanca). That has almost no blowback 20 years later though, the people involved must have moved on or died. Mike explains to Jesse in an earlier episode why Gus just walks around the sniper and why the Cartel won't kill him, but the rest of them are expendable - they want his massive distribution network which took 20 years to build up, its a perfect cover and far more profitable than anything the Cartel can put together in America. The terms for the Cartel were that they get 50% of all the money Gus makes AND he sends a chemist down to teach them how to make his better meth, but they will leave him in business. Gus manipulated everything to this end, since he wanted a meeting with all the bosses so he could assassinate them. A revenge plan that took 20 goddamn years to execute.
People know Heisenberg killed Gus because he keeps telling everyone, the Arizona guy said he thought the Cartel killed Gus, but Walt corrected him and said he did. I'm sure news of that spread eventually, just like the Jesse ATM machine kill (and the correction later).