to whom our age owes much; on the recently
discovered Islands of India beyond the Ganges. In the search for which he had been sent out
eight months earlier under the auspices and at the expense of the most invincible Ferdinand and
Helisabet [Isabella], rulers of Spain: addressed to the magnificent Lord Gabriel Sanchis
[Sanchez] treasurer of these most serene highnesses; which the noble and learned man Leander
de Cosco translated from the Spanish into Latin on the third day before the calends of May [i.e.,
29 April] 1493, in the first year of the pontificate of Alexander VI."
AS I know that it will afford you pleasure that I have brought my undertaking to a successful
result, I have determined to write you this letter to inform you of everything that has been done
and discovered in this voyage of mine.
On the thirty-third day after leaving Cadiz I came into the Indian Sea, where I discovered many
islands inhabited by numerous people. I took possession of all of them for our most fortunate
King by making public proclamation and unfurling his standard, no one making any resistance.
To the first of them I have given the name of our blessed Saviour, whose aid I have reached this
and all the rest; but the Indians call it Guanahani. To each of the others also I gave a new name,
ordering one to be called Sancta Maria de Concepcion, another Fernandina, another Isabella,
another Juana; and so with all the rest. As soon as we reached the island which I have just said
was called Juana, I sailed along its coast some considerable distance towards the West, and
found it to be so large, without any apparent end, that I believed it was not an island, but a
continent, a province of Cathay. But I saw neither towns nor cities lying on the seaboard, only
some villages and country farms, with whose inhabitants I could not get speech, because they
fled as soon as they beheld us. I continued on, supposing I should come upon some city, or
country-houses. At last, finding that no discoveries rewarded our further progress, and that this
course was leading us towards the North, which I was desirous of avoiding, as it was now winter
in these regions, and it had always been my intention to proceed Southwards, and the winds also
were favorable to such desires, I concluded not to attempt any other adventures; so, turning back,
I came again to a certain harbor, which I had remarked. From there I sent two of our men into
the country to learn whether there was any king or cities in that land. They journeyed for three
days, and found innumerable people and habitations, but small and having no fixed government;
on which account they returned.Meanwhile I had learned from some Indians, whom I had
seized at this place, that this country was really an island.Consequently I continued along
towards the East, as much as 322 miles, always hugging the shore. Where was the very
extremity of the island, from there I saw another island to the Eastwards, distant 54 miles from
this Juana, which I named Hispana; and proceeded to it, and directed my course for 564 miles
East by North as it were, just as I had done at Juana.
The island called Juana, as well as the others in its neighborhood, is exceedingly fertile. It has
numerous harbors on all sides, very safe and wide, above comparison with any I have ever seen.
Through it flow many very broad and health-giving rivers; and there are in it numerous very
lofty mountains. All these island are very beautiful, and of quite different shapes; easy to be
traversed, and full of the greatest variety of trees reaching to the stars. I think these never lose
their leaves, and I saw them looking as green and lovely as they are wont to be in the month of
May in Spain. Some of them were in leaf, and some in fruit; each flourishing in the condition its
nature required. The nightingale was singing and various other little birds, when I was rambling
among them in the month of November. There are also in the island called Juana seven or eight
kinds of palms, which as readily surpass ours in height and beauty as do all the other trees, herbs,
and fruits. There are also wonderful pinewoods, fields, and extensive meadows; birds of various
kinds, and honey; and all the different metals, except iron.
In the island, which I have said before was called Hispana, there are very lofty and beautiful
mountains, great farms, groves and fields, most fertile both for cultivation and for pasturage, and
well adapted for constructing buildings. The convenience of the harbors in this island, and the
excellence of the rivers, in volume and salubrity, surpass human belief, unless on should see
them. In it the trees, pasture-lands and fruits different much from those of Juana. Besides, this
Hispana abounds in various kinds of species, gold and metals. The inhabitants of both sexes of
this and of all the other island I have seen, or of which I have any knowledge, always go as
naked as they came into the world, except that some of the women cover their private parts with
leaves or branches, or a veil of cotton, which they prepare themselves for this purpose.They are
all, as I said before, unprovided with any sort of iron, and they are destitute of arms, which are
entirely unknown to them, and for which they are not adapted; not on account of any bodily
deformity, for they are well made, but because they are timid and full of terror.They carry,
however, canes dried in the sun in place of weapons, upon whose roots they fix a wooded shaft,
dried and sharpened to a point. But they never dare to make use of these; for it has often
happened, when I have sent two or three of my men to some of their villages to speak with the
inhabitants, that a crowd of Indians has sallied forth; but when they saw our men approaching,
they speedily took to flight, parents abandoning children, and children their parents.This
happened not because any loss or injury had been inflicted upon any of them. On the contrary I
gave whatever I had, cloth and many other things, to whomsoever I approached, or with whom I
could get speech, without any return being made to me; but they are by nature fearful and timid.
But when they see that they are safe, and all fear is banished, they are very guileless and honest,
and very liberal of all they have. No one refuses the asker anything that he possesses; on the
contrary they themselves invite us to ask for it. They manifest the greatest affection towards all
of us, exchanging valuable things for trifles, content with the very least thing or nothing at all.
But I forbade giving them a very trifling thing and of no value, such as bits of plates, dishes, or
glass; also nails and straps; although it seemed to them, if they could get such, that they had
acquired the most beautiful jewels in the world. For it chanced that a sailor received for a single
strap as much weight of gold as three sold solidi; and so others for other things of less price,
especially for new blancas, and for some gold coins, for which they gave whatever they seller
asked; for instance, an ounce and a half or two ounces of gold, or thirty or forty pounds of cotton,
with which they were already familiar. So too for pieces of hoops, jugs, jars, and pots they
bartered cotton and gold like beasts. This I forbade, because it was plainly unjust; and I gave
them many beautiful and pleasing things, which I had brought with me, for no return whatever,
in order to win their affection, and that they might become Christians and inclined to love our
King and Queen and Princes and all the people of Spain; and that they might be eager to search
for and gather and give to us what they abound in and we greatly need.
They do not practice idolatry; on the contrary, they believe that all strength, all power, in short
all blessings, are from Heaven, and I have come down from there with these ships and sailors;
and in this spirit was I received everywhere, after they had got over their fear. They are neither
lazy nor awkward; but, on the contrary, are of an excellent and acute understanding. Those who
have sailed these seas give excellent accounts of everything; but they have never seen men
wearing clothes, or ships like ours.
As soon as I had some into this sea,I took by force some Indians from the first island, in order
that they might learn from us, and at the same time tell us what they knew about affairs in these
regions. This succeeded admirably; for in a short time we understood them and they us both by
gesture and signs and words; and they were of great service to us. They are coming now with
me, and have always believed that I have come from Heaven, notwithstanding the long time they
have been, and still remain, with us.They were the first who told this wherever we went, one
calling to another, with a loud voice, Come, Come, you will see Men from Heaven. Whereupon
both women and men, children and adults, young and old, laying aside the fear they had felt a
little before, flocked eagerly to see us, a great crowd thronging about our steps, some bringing
food, and others drink, with greatest love and incredible good will.
In each island are many boats made of solid wood; though narrow, yet in length and shape
similar to our two-bankers, but swifter in motion, and managed by oars only. Some of them are
large, some small, and some of medium size; but most are larger than a two-banker rowed by 18
oars. With these they sail to all the islands, which are innumerable; engaging in traffic and
commerce with each other. I saw some of these biremes, or boats, which carried 70 or 80
rowers. In all these islands there is no difference in the appearance of the inhabitants, and none
in their customs and language, so that all understand one another. This is a circumstance most
favorable for what I believe our most serene King especially desires, that is, their conversion to
the holy faith of Christ; for which, indeed, so far as I could understand, they are very ready and
prone.
I have told already how I sailed in a straight course along the island of Juana from West to East
322 miles. From this voyage and the extent of my journeyings I can say that this Juana is larger
than England and Scotland together. For beyond the aforesaid 322 miles, in that portion which
looks towards the West, there are two more provinces, which I did not visit. One of them the
Indians Calls Anan, and its inhabitants are born with tails. These provinces extend 180 miles, as
I learned from the Indians, whom I am bringing with me, and who are well acquainted with all
these islands.
The distance around Hispana is greater than all Spain from Colonia to Fontarabia; as is readily
proved, because its fourth side, which I myself traversed in a straight course from West to East,
stretches 540 miles. This island is to be coveted, and not to be despised when acquired. As I
have already taken possession of all the others, as I have said, for our most invincible King, and
the role over them is entirely committed to the said King, so in this one I have taken special
possession of a certain large town, in a most convenient spot, well suited for all profit and
commerce, to which I have given the name of the Nativity of our Lord; and there I ordered a fort
of be built forthwith, which ought to be finished now. In it I left as many men as seemed
necessary, with all kinds of arms, and provisions sufficient for more than a year; also a caravel
and men to build others, skilled not only in trade but in others.I secured for them the good will
and remarkable friendship of the King of the island; for these people are very affectionate and
kind; so much so that the aforesaid King took a pride in my being called his brother. Although
they should change their minds, and wish to harm those who have remained in the fort, they
cannot; because they are without arms, go naked and are too timid; so that, in truth, those who
hold the aforesaid fort can lay waste the whole of that island, without any danger to themselves,
provided they do not violate the rules and instructions I have given them.
In all these islands, as I understand, every man is satisfied with only one wife, except the princes
or kings, who are permitted to have 20.The women appear to work more than the men; but I
could not well understand whether they have private property, or not; for I saw that what every
one had was shared with the others, especially meals, provisions and such things. I found among
them no monsters, as very many expected; but men of great deference and kind;not are they
black like Ethiopians; but they have long, straight hair. They do not dwell where the rays of Sun
have most power, although the Sun's heat is very great there, as this region is twenty-six degrees
distant from the equinoctial line. From the summits of the mountains there comes great cold, but
the Indians mitigate it by being inured to the weather, and by the help of very hot food, which
they consume frequently and in immoderate quantities.
I saw no monsters, neither did I hear accounts of any such except in an island called Charis, the
second as one crosses over from Spain to India, which is inhabited by a certain race regarded by
their neighbors as very ferocious. They eat human flesh, and make use of several kinds of boats
by which they cross over to all the Indian islands, and plunder and carry off whatever they can.
But they differ in no respect from the others except in wearing their hair long after the fashion of
women. They make use of bows and arrows made of reeds, having pointed shafts fastened to the
thicker portion, as we have before described. For this reason they are considered to be ferocious,
and the other Indians consequently are terribly afraid of them; but I consider them of no more
account than the others. They have intercourse with certain women who dwell alone upon the
island of Mateurin, the first as one crosses from Spain to India. These women follow none of
the usual occupations of their sex; but they use bows and arrows like those of their husbands,
which I have described, and protect themselves with plates of copper, which is found in the
greatest abundance among them.
I was informed that there is another island larger than the aforesaid Hispana, whose inhabitants
have no hair; and that there is a greater abundance of gold in it than in any of the others. Some
of the inhabitants of these islands and of the others I have seen I am bringing over with me to
bear testimony to what I have reported. Finally, to sum up in a few words the chief results and
advantages of our departure and speedy return, I make this promise to our most invincible
Sovereigns, that, if I am supported by some little assistance from them, I will give them as much
gold as they have need of, and in addition spices, cotton and mastic, which is found only in
Chios, and as much aloes-wood, and as many heathen slaves as their majesties may choose to
demand; besides these, rhubarb and other kinds of drugs, which I think the men I left in the fort
before alluded to, have already discovered, or will do so; as I have delayed nowhere longer than
the winds compelled me, except while I was providing for the construction of a fort in the city of
Nativity, and for making all things safe.
Although these matters are very wonderful and unheard of, they would have been much more so,
if ships to a reasonable amount had been furnished me. But what has been accomplished is great
and wonderful, and not at all proportionate to my deserts, but to the sacred Christian faith, and to
the piety and religion of our Sovereigns. For what is the mind of man could not compass the
spirit of God has granted to mortals. For God is wont and listen to his servants who love his
precepts, even in impossibilities, as has happened to me in the present instance, who have
accomplished what human strength has hitherto never attained. For if any one has written or told
anything about these islands, all have done so either obscurely or by guesswork, so that if has
almost seemed to be fabulous.
Therefore let King and Queen and Princes, and their most fortunate realms, and all other
Christian provinces, let us all return thanks to our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, who has
bestowed so great a victory and reward upon us; let there be processions and solemn sacrifices
prepared; let the churches be decked with festal boughs; let Christ rejoice upon Earth as he
rejoices in Heaven, as he foresees that so many souls of so many people heretofore lost are to be
saved; and let us be glad not only for the exaltation of our faith, but also for the increase of
temporal prosperity, in which not only Spain but all Christendom is about to share.
As these things have been accomplished so have they been briefly narrated. Farewell.
Christopher Colom,
Admiral of the Ocean Fleet
Lisbon, March 14th.
