Lumi's Batshit Insane Thread

Luminati_sl said:

You have no fucking evidence that a mudskipper was a fish before it was a mudskipper. You're just assuming shit like dumb fucking retarded pieces of shit like yourself like to do. SHOW ME THE EXPERIMENT WHICH DEMONSTRATES THAT A MUDSKIPPER EVOLVED FROM A FISH. SHOW ME THE VERIFIABLE PROOF OF YOUR CLAIM LIKE SCIENCE REQUIRES YOU DUMB INBRED FUCKING PIECE OF SHIT. SHOWING RED TEXT FADING INTO BLUE TEXT IS NOT VERIFIABLE EVIDENCE THAT MUDSKIPPERS EVOLVED FROM FISH YOU DUMB FUCKING RETARD.

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You have no fucking evidence that a mudskipper was a fish before it was a mudskipper.

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Mudskippers are amphibious fishes that have developed morphological and physiological adaptations to match their unique lifestyles. Here we perform whole-genome sequencing of four representative mudskippers to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying these adaptations. We discover an expansion of innate immune system genes in the mudskippers that may provide defence against terrestrial pathogens. Several genes of the ammonia excretion pathway in the gills have experienced positive selection, suggesting their important roles in mudskippers' tolerance to environmental ammonia. Some vision-related genes are differentially lost or mutated, illustrating genomic changes associated with aerial vision. Transcriptomic analyses of mudskippers exposed to air highlight regulatory pathways that are up- or down-regulated in response to hypoxia. The present study provides a valuable resource for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying water-to-land transition of vertebrates.

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"Our analysis of four mudskipper genomes has provided insights into a variety of genetic changes that are likely associated with land adaptation of these amphibious fishes," Shi and colleagues wrote in their paper.

Understanding what changes these fish have undergone may also offer insight into how other vertebrates like tetrapods adapted earlier to living on land, the researchers noted.

"Since the intermediary forms that existed during the transition from aquatic lobe-finned fishes to terrestrial tetrapods are represented currently only in fossils, amphibious fishes offer a useful model for understanding genetic changes associated with the water-to-land transition of vertebrates," they added.

Shi and colleagues sequenced the genomes of four mudskippers - Boleophthalmus pectinirostris, Scartelaos histophorus, Periophthalmodon schlosseri, and Periophthalmus magnuspinnatus - using the Illumina HiSeq 2000 platform.

The researchers assembled the reads generated from those four mudskippers using SOAPdenovo2 into 0.966-, 0.720-, 0.683- and 0.715-gigabase genomes, respectively, and each was predicted to contain between 17,200 and 21,000 genes.

Based on these four genomes and eight additional vertebrate genomes, the researchers constructed the mudskipper phylogenetic tree. The four species formed a monophyletic clade that diverged from other teleosts some 140 million years ago. Within that clade, B. pectinirostris and S. histophorus form a sister group, as do P. schlosseri and P. magnuspinnatus, a finding the researchers say is unsurprising given that B. pectinirostris and S. histophorus are mostly aquatic, and P. schlosseri and P. magnuspinnatus are mostly terrestrial.

After diverging from other teleosts, mudskippers acquired changes that enabled them to adapt to mudflat living, changes that are reflected in their genomes, the researchers said.

They identified nearly 685 genes that are present in the mudskipper genome, but not in other teleosts. A number of these genes, they added, are enriched in immune domains.

For instance, mudskippers have four complete genes for toll-like receptor 13, which belongs to a family of innate immune receptors that can recognize bacterial 23S rRNA. The researchers suggested that the additional TLR13 genes and other additional immune-related genes mudskippers have may enable them to combat pathogens they encounter on land.

Additionally, since mudskippers can detoxify ammonia better than other aquatic species even though they don't rely on the ornithine-urea cycle that tetrapods use, Shi and colleagues examined nine genes that encode proteins involved in the ammonia excretion pathway in the gill.

Three proteins in this pathway appeared to be under significant positive selection in mudskippers - carbonic anhydrase 15 in both B. pectinirostris and P. magnuspinnatus, Na+/H+ exchanger 3 in B. pectinirostris, and glycosylated rhesus protein c 1 (Rhcg1) in P. magnuspinnatus. Positive selection on these genes, the researchers argued, suggests that they are involved in more efficient ammonia excretion in mudskipper gills.

Further, by comparing the mudskipper versions of Rhcg1 and predicting their three-dimensional shape, the researchers found that the P. magnuspinnatus Rhcg1 protein has an increased number of hydrophobic residues in the central pore, a change that they predicted eases the passage of ammonia through the pore.

Further, both the B. pectinirostris and P. magnuspinnatus mudskippers have lost an opsin subfamily, which the researchers suggested could be a response to increased exposure to ultraviolet light while on land.

And the mudskippers have fewer delta-class olfactory receptor-like genes than other teleost fish, indicating that they are less able to detect water-borne odorants. Likewise, compared to other fish, mudskippers have more VIR1 genes - vomeronasal receptors that bind air-borne chemicals - than VIR2 genes, which encode receptors that bind water-soluble chemicals.

To examine how these fish deal with desiccation and hypoxia on land, Shi and colleagues analyzed gene expression patterns in mudskipper brain, skin, liver, muscle, and gill tissues when exposed to air.

From their transcriptomic analyses, the researchers found that a number of genes are downregulated in those tissues, including ones involved in focal adhesion, ECM-receptor interaction, and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction pathways. The downregulation of genes in these pathways, the researchers noted, has been associated with the inhibition of cell migration, stress fiber contraction, and proliferation. This, they said, may reflect an energy-saving strategy to cope with such hypoxic conditions.

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The Gobies form the family Gobiidae, which is one of the largest families of fish, with more than 2,000 species in more than 200 genera

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Scientific Name: Periophthalmus barbarus
Species Authority: (Linnaeus, 1766)
Common Name(s):
English -Atlantic Mudskipper, Mud-skipper, Mud-hopper, Jumbo Fish
French - P?riophthalme, Sauteur De Vase Atlantique
Spanish - Saltafango Atl?ntico
Synonym(s):
Gobius barbarus Linnaeus, 1766
Gobius koelreuteri Pallas, 1770
Peiophthalmus erythronemus Guichenot, 1858
Periophthalmus gabonicus Dum?ril, 1861
Periophthalmus keelreuteri Khan 2003
Periophthalmus koebreuteri Harrison and Miller, 1992
Periophthalmus koelreuteri Pallas, 1770
Periophthalmus koelreuteri koelreuteri Pallas, 1770
Periophthalmus koelreuteri papilio Bloch & Schneider, 1801
Periophthalmus papilio Bloch & Schneider, 1801

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The diagnostic morphological characters of the subfamily Oxudercinae (Teleostei, Acanthopterygii, Perciformes, Gobioidei, Gobiidae) (Nelson, 1994), were defined by Hoese (1984).
Murdy (1989) proposed a complete morphology-based cladistic revision of this group. This revision was very welcome to mudskipper taxonomy, which has been intricate and chaotic ever since the 17th century.

Murdy defined two monophyletic tribes within the subfamily: Periophthalmini and Oxudercini.

In particular, Murdy described 13 morphospecies of Periophthalmus; nonetheless, five new species of the genus Periophthalmus were subsequently described (P. magnuspinnatus Lee et al., 1995, P. spilotus Murdy & Takita, 1999; P. walailakae Darumas & Tantichodok, 2002; P. darwini Larson & Takita, 2004; P. takita Jafaar & Larson 2008), while P. novaeguineaensis Eggert was redescribed (Jafaar & Larson 2008), and P. variabilis Eggert restored (Jafaar et al. 2009). Therefore, presently this genus includes 18 valid species, and the tribe Periophthalmini (the "mudskippers") includes 34 morphospecies and 7 genera:

Periophthalmus Bloch & Schneider, 1801 (18)
Periophthalmodon Bleeker, 1874 (3)
Boleophthalmus Valenciennes, 1837* (5)
Scartelaos Swainson, 1839 (4)
Apocryptes Valenciennes, 1837* (1)
Pseudapocryptes Bleeker, 1874 (2)
Zappa Murdy, 1989 (1)

Oxudercini include 6 morphospecies and 3 genera:
Oxuderces Eydoux & Souleyet, 1850 (2)
Apocryptodon Bleeker, 1874 (2)
Parapocryptes (Valenciennes, 1837)* (2)

*In: Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1837
The monophyly of Oxudercinae has been recently questioned by some molecular studies (Thacker, 2003). In particular, it seems that Periophthalmini is a paraphyletic group, related with at least some gobiid members of the subfamily Amblyopinae (Akihito et al., 2000; Wang et al., 2001).

At a higher taxonomic level, oxudercine gobies are included in the order Perciformes (series Percomorpha), fishes that have reached high levels of specialization to aquatic life within the Actinopterygii, the "ray-finned fishes" (Nelson, 1994).

Also for this reason, the most peculiar characteristic of mudskippers is the high degree of specialization to amphibious life relative to all living and extinct aquatic vertebrates (Graham, 1997; Clack, 2002).

The ancestors of all the species of the suborder Gobioidei, probably descendants of a primitive group of percoid perciforms (Winterbottom, 1993), invaded the marine coastal areas at least since the Early Eocene, about 50 millions of years ago (Nolf & Stringer, 2003; Bajpai & Kapur, 2004).

No oxudercine fossils are known at present.
The higher species richness, the higher degree of endemism of the Indo-Malayan associations, and the presence of only one species of oxudercine gobies (Periophthalmus barbarus) along the coasts of Western Africa (Murdy,1989), suggest that the whole group originated in the Eastern Tethys.

In particular, the reconstruction of the palaeocurrents' pattern during all the Eocene and Oligocene periods (53.0-23.5 millions of years ago) suggests that the ancestor of P. barbarus could have reached the African continent and the eastern coasts of North and South America in one or more steps if suitable environments had been available (Stille et al., 1996; Ellison et al., 1999). At present though, no oxudercine is known to exist or have existed in the Americas.

During the Miocene (23.5-5.3 millions of years ago), the distribution of these species was probably restrained within the sub-tropical belt, due to a generalized global cooling. About 15 millions of years ago the "Tethydian gateways" between the Atlantic and the Indian Ocean were completely closed by repeated salinity crises of the newly born Mediterranean Sea, caused by the collision of the African and Eurasian continents. Like all other Atlantic and Indo-Pacific fish species, the West-African ancestor of P. barbarus was probably definitely isolated from Indo-Pacific populations.

The present distribution suggests a very close linkage of all oxudercine species to mangrove ecosystems and tropical tidal mudflats.
It is possible that this association established in a relatively early phase of their evolutionary history.
Palaeontological data show that mangrove ecosystems had been widespread in the Tethys Sea since the Paleocene-Eocene (60-35 millions of years ago: Ellison et al., 1999), just when the first gobioid fishes appear in the fossil record (see above).

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Intrinsic_sl said:

What happens to all the 'kind of sorta closer' to a mudskipper guys in between? Do those populations continue to flourish and are all classified as something separate or do they all kind of just converge on mudskipper at the end? It is probably in your big post up top, but I'm from further South than you and a simple folk.

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Luminati_sl said:

No you fucking moron. There's no evidence that mudskippers come from anything other than other mudskippers. The only thing that has EVER been seen to produce a mudskipper IS A FUCKING MUDSKIPPER. No experiment exists which could verify your bull fucking shit retarded ass claim that mudskippers used to be purely aquatic fish.

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How do they breathe on land? Underwater, mudskippers breathe through gills like other fishes. However, unlike other fishes, mudskippers can't stay underwater indefinitely. Other fishes asphyxiate when taken out of water because their gill filaments stick together and cannot absorb gaseous oxygen. Mudskippers can retain water in enlarged gill chambers which lock shut on land. Sort of reverse scuba gear, to keep their gills remain moist on land. They rotate their eyes to swill the water in the gill chambers around and keep the gills fluffed up and oxygenated.

But mudskippers can actually breathe air. They can absorb gaseous oxygen through blood-rich membranes at the back of the mouth and throat (buccopharyngeal cavity). They also absorb air through their skin which is rich with blood capillaries, so long as the skin remains moist. This is why they often roll in puddles and keep their tails in water, leading some early observers to believe that mudskippers breathed through their tails! Mudskippers also have to regularly replenish the water in their gill chambers so they cannot stay far from water. Giant Mudskippers have among the best land-adapted gills: shorter filaments reinforced with rods so they don't collapse easily out of water.

Do they walk? Mudskippers have arm-like pectoral fins which even have little "elbows". But they do not move these alternately in the way that we walk. Instead they make little hops by keeping their body rigid and jerking forwards on their pectoral fins; called "crutching" because the movement is similar to that of a person on crutches. They leave typical trails on the mud (right).

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no evidence they are fish

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Nobody is denying that mudskippers are a type of fish.

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Luminati_sl said:

You have no fucking evidence that a mudskipper was a fish before it was a mudskipper.

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Luminati_sl said:

A mudskipper is a mudskipper you fucking idiot.

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A similarity in genome doesn't mean we are descended from apes.

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???o?_sl said:

A human body doesn't have one consistent PH level, it is variable dependent on what part of the body you are referring to.

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The body's acid-base balance is normally tightly regulated by buffering agents, the respiratory system, and the renal system, keeping the arterial blood pH between 7.38 and 7.42.[1][2]

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Acid-base imbalance occurs when a significant insult causes the blood pH to shift out of the normal range (7.35 to 7.45). In the fetus, the normal range differs based on which umbilical vessel is sampled (umbilical vein pH is normally 7.25 to 7.45; umbilical artery pH is normally 7.18 to 7.38).[5] An excess of acid in the blood is called acidemia and an excess of base is called alkalemia

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Alkalosis refers to a condition reducing hydrogen ion concentration of arterial blood plasma (alkalemia). In contrast to acidosis (serum pH 7.35 or lower), alkalosis occurs when the serum pH is higher than normal (7.45 or higher)

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