Cant an orbit be 24 hours? What would orbit need to be to be out of LoS for 12 hours? 16hrs?
Of course they would all be in one spot... That's how colonies / settlements work
Lightning created by a structure. Not much of a reach to think that structure would change landscape, and they bedded down on part of it.
Kind of reaching a bit
Orbit times can vary, it just depends on how far away from crashing into the planet you are.
For earth, geosynchronous orbit (1 orbit =24 hours) is at the height of 22,236 miles, anything in this distance and beyond is considered high earth orbit. Geosynchronous orbit also means that the ship would orbit at the same speed that the planet is turning; the ship would seem to stay in place over a single longitude, and it would not go into a coms blackout.
By contrast, low earth orbit is any orbit less than 2500 miles. An example of low earth orbit is the International Space Station, which, is at ~250 miles high and makes 1 orbit in ~92 minutes, or 15.5 orbits per day.
For the show, it's difficult to ascertain the distances at the time of that call, between the Earther ship and ground; they could have been doing survey stuff in high orbit. The Belter ship was in low orbit, and the Roci was, obviously, also in low orbit, later in the show, but the call in question was mid season.
As for figuring out the orbit needed to have a 12 hour coms blackout window, it would require a decent amount of math, and an assumption that the planet in question was exactly like earth in terms of atmosphere, gravity, and size, unless otherwise noted. I think modern coms can be bounced off of the atmospheric lensing (or some such) to achieve communication past line of sight loss, so you would need to account for
X amount of time past when they went over the horizon.
A rough guesstimate would be that the ship would need to be in high orbit, much farther out than geosynchronous orbit. Somewhere along the lines of 1 orbit of the ship would take many days/weeks. Edit: I guess it could be some places in a medium orbit range (less than 24h per orbit), where it would be "chasing the dawn", and be on the far side of the planet for a prolonged period of time. Too much thinking required at this late hour.....or ever (for me), probably.
Send a tweet to Neil DeGrasse Tyson, or ask the physics board, I'm sure they could give an exact distance it would be orbiting at. Someone who owns the Kerbal Space Program game could plot it out too.