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Jupiter has demonstrable effects on the belt - there are clumps at some resonances (Trojan asteroids, notably) and empty zones of the belt where any asteroid orbiting there get tugged away (Kirkwood gaps).So rather than being a planet that shattered, you're suggesting that Jupiter's gravity prevented it from forming correctly?
An interesting idea.
Shattering an already formed planet is a well-known model. For an earth-type planet, the Roche limit (where it would break the planet) for Jupiter is 1.3 million kilometers. The distance between Jupiter's orbit and the main belt (where Ceres orbits) is nearly 400 million kilometers.
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