The Renaissance. Most of what we are doing now is improving upon previously done work. Even the Hardon collider is just a bigger version of previously developed particle accelerators. However, The Renaissance was a movement from one of the darkest moments in recorded human history to the most expansive leaps forward in human thinkingever. The amount of original ideas produced during this time far eclipses what we are doing now. People say that the internet is the biggest step forward in the dissemination of information since the printing press. Can you guess when the printing press was invented? Humans had been producing 2D art that looked pretty much the same for thousands of years until the great breakthroughs in the works of the great masters people still go to museums to see today. During this time humans even invented the scientific method of answering questions, which completely changed how we think about everything.
Unfortunately, we are digressing in our thinking about the world. We accept was is fed to us because we have become too lazy to feed ourselves. All of these incredible tools, and most of the time we are too lazy to do a simple google search unless we are trying to win an argument. I don't agree with Wombat's assertion that it was better to go look through a stack of fucking Dewey decimal system cards to find a book about a subject. I think it was better when society looked at great artists and scientists with awe. Now our inspiration comes from people that can catch a goddamn ball and run fast.
The problem is, the "dark ages" are really misunderstood--it's also a very European view of history. All through the middle east, amazing advances in math and literacy were being made. In Asia, the Chinese were using rockets already. The main issue with the "dark ages" was pretty much the economy sucked, and that was due to how the world dealt with slavery after the collapse of Rome. You had a huge amount of surplus labor, followed by a destruction of infrastructure that prevented very long scale trade. It was a depression of epic proportions. But technology still marched on, steel, steel working, carpentry all improved. The problem was, there was tons of cheap labor and very few ways to communicate or trade outside of your locality--this lead to a drop in innovation (Kind of hard to pay someone less than subsistence; and new ideas don't spread without trade or communication). As someone else said, the black death all the sudden forced people to innovate once more. They looked to the outside world, and found tons of ideas were being used everywhere.
So it wasn't really like there were a ton of inventions at first; all you were seeing was the "lag" Europe was experiencing due to the depression was lifted, and a huge back log of ideas were then refined and made better. (And then, after 150 years of these amazing "
discoveries", Europe began spitting out it's own advances.) After those, things like labor demand for subsistence went way down and you had a small (Still costly but not needed on the farm) population surplus who could be exploited and so a large middle class of exploiters rose; and more and more advances happened to lower the cost of exploitation. This "more free time"+"problems"=advances kind of synchs with what we know of the world; many advances were made in Greece and Rome probably due to an upper class who had free time due to slave labor, and had problems the slaves couldn't fix; like transporting water from the mountains (This ALSO retarded many advances too though, for example, we KNOW Rome knew how to use water mills to mill grain or stamp Iron--but it was simply cheaper to use slaves, so huge breakthroughs in industry were ignored.) In the middle ages you had a very precise mixture of mostly paid labor, and people with "more" freedom to explore ideas. Since being "paid" meant the upper class lost money, innovation was driven to pay less (Where as this didn't really happen with slaves).
Also, there is another theory about the Renaissance---Caffeine. Tea had existed in Asia and the Arabian world probably from 1k AD on---and, funnily enough, the "Enlightenment" of the ancient world continued on there. The middle east and China saw amazing advances in technology, trade and a host of other factors. At the START of the Renaissance, both Tea and Coffee (Around 1500's) were brought to Europe. Now, before this time, the most widely imbibed drink was wine--which is a depressant. However, just 100 years after it's introduction, Tea/coffee became the most widely consumed drink in Western Europe. So the populations replaced a depressant with a stimulant--on large scales.
In short, the reason why the Renaissance might have seemed like such a huge jump forward? Was because it was the dawn of the crack head. And the constant stimulation increased our productivity by several orders. Which would illustrate that it had nothing to do with those people being smarter--rather it was just the introduction of an environmental factor(s) which catapulted society back from the dark ages--an odd mix of stimulants and death from the plague.
Edit: Also great artists and scientists were not really looked at in awe. The few who were literal "super geniuses", like Newton or Davicinci, got some acclaim. But for the most part, Scientists and Artists were treated much as they are today, they desperately looked for patrons or a university who would pay them, or they starved. And
a lotof them starved. In fact, scientists of today are treated enormously better because they have a third option--corporate greed. Industries are far better equipped to
payfor innovation today. Back then outside of a patron, or a college, there was no "industry" which would hire scientists
justfor research, that's a purely new phenomenon. But yeah, we don't revere them enough--instead we revere athletes, but again, that wasn't
differentback then--just instead of athletes, it was the church who took that top "reverence" spot. (But as Durkhiem said, the church and athletes are just two sides of the same coin.) But make no mistake, outside of Academia, there was very little awe for scientists and even artists.