Just do the Large Nuclear Reactor mission in Sterile Land>Classified Area. It's one of the missions people use to farm kuiper (since surpassed by a bunch of other ones, but it's still decent if you're getting something else out of it).
Yeah, it seems to rotate each week. Right now we get sensors and processors. Next week it'll be memory and aux power. I've farmed hundreds of sensors because one of the best kuiper farms (Water-cooling Recording Device) happens to overlap. After many hours at it, I finally got a def one with character xp and consumable drop rate, both yellow text. Great for farming, especially consumable drop rate, since it works on all the sub-materials for descendants, weapons, shrooms, and cats that drop from elite enemies and even vaults. Also got a DEF/Max MP/MP regen in combat one for my Bunny speedrunning (solo dungeons) build.
The one I really want though is something that's either HP or DEF main stat, with some combination of HP/DEF/Chill Res. on the randoms with at least purple text. Even though I'm not even being that picky I still haven't seen anything close.
Processors are more of a pain to farm since there's not really any good missions in that area. Organic Recording Terminal is good if you can find two other randoms doing the mission and they know enough to do the multi-hack by having one person per terminal. People come and go though so it's not very consistent. If you do farm it, I suggest looking for DEF main stat with two of DEF/HP/Toxin Res. on the randoms, along with something decent that has a yellow equipment drop rate roll for farming. I believe it helps not only with getting gun and reactor drops but also for the farming of even more external components.
Yeah, they added the vault drops to the regular pool, but they're so rare that it's really only good as a bonus when you're farming something else. If you're specifically looking for a bunch of those items, you have to do the vaults. Which is fine anyway, since the vaults drop way more than they used to, and they seem significantly easier now even without Enzo. I'd still use him for ultra-precision though, just to be safe.